RH14: Antichrist, Usury, Orthodoxy, Predestination, Regeneration, Sunday/Sabbath

      This concludes from Part 13 (Table of Contents in Part 1) in a series presenting Pastor's Hochstetter's critique of an 1881 German pamphlet on the Old Missouri Synod. — This completes a listing of the criticisms from Germany, starting with the major one on the Antichrist, against the Missourians by Pastor Rudolf Hoffmann. These are covered in Hoffmann pp. 28-29. What follows are quotes from Hoffmann, then my in-line critiques. The final grouping is under the umbrella of the theologians of "Lutheran Orthodoxy": 

Antichrist:

Hoffmann: “Just listen to this one thing: Because in the Smalcald Articles (Concordia ed. Müller 308, 10 [Trigl. 475, 10; web]) the pope is called the Antichrist, therefore he must not be a part of it, as the Apology says (papatus erit pars regni antichristi, Concordia 209, 18 [Trigl. 318, 18, web]), but the Antichrist; indeed, this is so much a main doctrine with them that Walther goes so far as to assert: as the Jews sinned by not recognizing Jesus as the Christ, so Christians sin if they do not recognize the Pope as the Antichrist (Lehre und Wehre 1880, p. 26), and further: Whoever does not consider the pope to be the Antichrist, we cannot consider him a Christian, let alone a Lutheran. (Lehre und Wehre 1869, p. 269)”

Hoffmann's reference to an essay in Lehre und Wehre is not correct, for it does not address the subject of the Papacy. And the charge is not correct either, for in the same volume, Lehre und Wehre 1869, p. 125, Walther says that these Christians have only “gone astray”. Walther did not say “we cannot consider him a Christian”, but he only taught that they were erring, i.e. going astray, from the Smalcald Articles.

Usury:  

Hoffmann: “It has become a new Missourian confession by Synod decision that any taking of interest is usury and therefore sin (Synod Report of 1869), incidentally one of the weakest arguments that can be read, where only with difficulty the relevant scriptural passages and Luther are forced into the Missourian view.” [See Hochstetter's writing on this in his later History here.]

Lutheran Orthodoxy:

Hoffmann: “Every error carries its judgment within itself. Where will these paths lead? That even the symbols will no longer suffice [!], and that even the best Lutheran dogmatists must ultimately become false teachers [!]. The direction has already been taken. ” [Hoffmann does not accept that all Holy Scripture is given by inspiration of God and presents divine doctrine, even where the Confessions may be silent. Then he falsely generalizes and attempts to say the the Missourians labeled the teachers from the period of Lutheran Orthodoxy as "false teachers".]

Predestination:

Hoffmann: “Johann Gerhard et al. are criticized for having sought to mediate between the general divine will of grace and the special individual election <page 29> in the fides praevisa or in the intuitius fidei, and for not simply agreeing to the harsh doctrine of predestination laid down by Luther in his de servo arbitrio [Bondage of the Will]” [Walther pointed out an error of John Gerhard on Predestination, but hardly called him a "false teacher" on this account. See Hochstetter, History p. 364 etc.]

Regeneration: 

Hoffmann: “Chemnitz himself no longer exists before Missouri's eyes, because he taught that regeneration is not a repeated one (in repentance and conversion), but a unique one in baptism (cf. Chemnitz exam. concil. trid. p. 273) [No reference is given to Missouri writings to judge by — his judgment may be similar to the above false one of Walther and the Antichrist.]” 

Sunday / Sabbath: 

Hoffmann: “Other dogmatists [?] become direct false teachers … in the doctrine of Sunday they do not rest exclusively on the 28th Art. of the Augustana [AC 28, 53], but have also emphasized the other ropes, according to which a commandment of God valid for all times [the Sabbath] is also the core here” [Augsburg Confession: "What, then, are we to think of the Sunday … not that consciences be bound to judge them necessary services." Hoffmann is not a confessional Lutheran. See Hochstetter's writing on this in his History here.]

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      Pastor Hochstetter did indeed respond to these omitted doctrines a few years later in his History. And his writings are to be preferred to mine above. But I could not leave them without a response here.  They show that the errors of the Iowa and Ohio Synods mirror the errors emanating from the main German church, the Union, or United, Church. — Pastor Hoffmann's final judgment on the Old Missouri Synod?… Yes? or No?:

No!

May Hochstetter's instructive defense aid others as it has for me.  In Jesus name! Amen!

RH13: Appendix: exegesis, Revelation, confessionalism

      This continues from Part 12 (Table of Contents in Part 1) in a series presenting Pastor's Hochstetter's critique of an 1881 German pamphlet on the Old Missouri Synod. — This segment does not contain Hochstetter's critique because he did not cover these points. That could be because he spent so much space on the doctrine of the Church and Church Government.  Or it could be because he was not given enough space to fully address all the points made by Hoffmann. Whatever the reason, the following criticisms were leveled against the Missourians, and therefore call for a response. One will find these covered in Hoffmann pp. 27-29. What follows are quotes from Pastor Hoffmann, then my critique.

Exegesis and Holy Scripture:

Hoffmann: “Missourian theology is merely backward theology and as such is already insufficient; but there are many other things. The Missourians did almost nothing in the way of independent biblical research; it is extremely rare to find an exegetical work. … For the rest, the Missourians regard Holy Scripture only as a collection of dicta probantia [proof texts] for dogmatics; it is clear that the divine word is not given its due.”

The first charge, the lack of exegesis, is false for the Old Missouri Synod had an exegete of the first order in Prof. George Stoeckhardt. Also see below of Pastor Röbbelen on the Book of Revelation.

Prof. J. P. Koehler

This kind of charge had also come from one much closer to home, most notably from Prof. J. P. Koehler of the Wisconsin Synod. See his History of the Wisconsin Synod, p. 236 where he uses "exegesis" to attempt to show that "a synod is 'church'" in the same sense as the local congregation, which is mirrored exactly by the explicit teaching of Pres. Matthew Harrison of the LC-MS (see Part 8). — The second charge of "the divine word is not given its due" comes from an opponent of Verbal Inspiration, as practically all teachers of the German United Church were opponents. Many others have made these same charges against Walther and Pieper. The charge claims to be as a champion of Holy Scripture when it intends to strip it of its dogmatic nature. It originates from an aversion to dogmatics. 

Book of Revelation:

Hoffmann: “It sounds more than naive when a Pastor Röbbelen, who published an interpretation of the Apocalypse [Revelation] in Der Lutheraner, declared that he could not consider this book canonical because Luther did not consider it canonical either, and the enlightened man understood more about it than he [Luther] did. (Köstering p. 180 ff. [CHI/CPH 2022 p. 144])”

One may read the background of this from Missouri Synod Pastor Röbbelen himself in Der Lutheraner, volume 12 (April 22, 1856), p. 139 f.. While Hoffmann complimented Röbbelen, he wants to promote doctrinal freedom, particularly away from Martin Luther, with this comment. It represents a cavalier attitude towards the Reformer of the Church. (More will be forthcoming on this matter, watch for it soon.) — Hochstetter addresses the Book of Revelation in his History (search "Revelation" there).

quatenus Subscription and Confessionalism:

Hoffmann: “But what is taken away from it [Scripture] is given too much to the symbolic books, and thus what should at first be a testimony of doctrine becomes an essential source of doctrine. Here lies, however much their willing submission is to be acknowledged, the fundamental error of the Missourians. The <page 28> symbolic books in honor — would to God they were better known and more diligently studied among us — they are also a norm for us, and in accepting them we need not hide behind the reserve: quatenus verbo dei consentiunt, [in so far as they agree with the Word of God] but since they are also the work of men, we must also distinguish between the essential and the non-essential in them and must not forget that they can be norm and foundation, but not already the goal and end of theological knowledge. Missouri, however, turns the confessions, whose literal, unreserved acceptance she demands, into a code of law, into a paper pope, and so, against her will, her exaggerated Lutheranism turns into Romanism, whose bitterest opponents they otherwise are.”

Pastor Hoffmann admits that his Church, the Union Church, does not subscribe fully to the Lutheran Confessions — he holds to a "quia" subscription, a conditional one. That is the same as admitting that one is not actually Lutheran. Then he confirms this, saying that the "too much" that is given to the symbols was taken away from Scripture. Then he attempts to whitewash all of this by saying that the Confessions "are also a norm for us". All of this exposes just how un-Lutheran he is as he then calls the Confessions a "code of laws", "a paper pope". How much more un-Lutheran can one be? All of this was going on well before the devasting World Wars of the next century.

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      Hoffmann was not the only German churchman to use Pastor Röbbelen's exposition of Revelation and its canonicity against the Old Missouri Synod. More will be said in a later blog series by C. F. W. Walther (GB4). — In the next Part 14, we conclude this series with Hoffmann's errors on the Antichrist and other doctrines.

RH12: Walther’s lament - don’t be another United Church; Iowa-Ohio shamed by German pastor

   This continues from Part 11 (Table of Contents in Part 1) in a series presenting Pastor's Hochstetter's critique of an 1881 German pamphlet on the Old Missouri Synod. — We saw in the last segment that Pastor Hoffmann was "grabbing at straws" by attempting to quote Walther against Walther. Hochstetter untangles that web of a misquote and uses it for the instruction of his readers. Then the focus turns to the Missouri Synod itself, and its still living teacher, C. F. W. Walther. — From Lehre und Wehre, vol. 28 (Feb. 1882), pp. 81-82 [EN]: 

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How the Missouri Synod is Judged in Germany Today.

[A review of an 1881 pamphlet by Pastor Rudolph Hoffmann of Germany]

By Pastor Ch. Hochstetter, Stonebridge, Canada.

In this sense the tone of lamentation [p. 32-33] in the synodical address [by Walther] at the opening of the 1878 Delegate Synod [German text, English translation (DeepL)] is to be understood, which tone Hoffmann sees as a sign of the threatening decay of our Synod. Such warnings must sound, so that we do not arrive where the United Church has long been! Meanwhile, the Election of Grace controversy that erupted soon after that synodical session and is now drawing to a close has served to show that the Missouri Synod still holds fast to the true church unity described in Article VII of the Augsburg Confession. 

It is also clear from the respect with which Hoffmann writes of Missouri as a whole that the voice of the Missouri Synod has not yet faded away in Christendom. According to his writing, Hoffmann also knew about the present dispute, for he is surprised that we do not swear by the words of John Gerard in regard to the doctrine of the Election of Grace. Finally, however, he thinks that as long as the congregations bow to the Word of God, and "Walther's prudent hand" [p. 29] still holds the reins, the Missouri Synod may well remain, but it is understandable to say that the Missouri Synod sees only through two eyes, and if these close, Missouri will dissolve into general fragmentation. The latter fear is understandable in a man of the State Church, because such a man thinks that with the departure of that man another régime begins, in the manner of a change of ministers.  

On the whole, however, the writer of this, as often as Hoffmann's judgment on Walther confronts him (as it has already been mentioned earlier), thinks that the latest opponents (Ohioans, Iowans), who had just set their sights on Walther, should be somewhat ashamed by the testimony of this [German] foreign stranger [Hoffmann], who after his death still has to speak of the Missourian professor with such recognition.

It seemed as if a Catilinian conspiracy was about to break out in the midst of the Synodical Conference, while younger men [Profs. F. A. Schmidt of Norwegian Synod, F. W. Stellhorn of Ohio Synod], who already hold important chairs, fired their arrows against their old teacher [Walther]; but the arrows did not hit, it seemed as if mountains wanted to give birth, it was said that the command for this dispute was from God, but behold, this work was not from God… what finally became of it? A point of defiance for some malcontent pastors, America will perhaps be enriched by a small synod! — 

As far as Hoffmann's fear is concerned, we well know that the eyes of everyone, even of a dear teacher, will close once in death, until the Day of Resurrection. But the eyes of the Lord are always open and they look at the righteous! [Psalm 34:15] That is, to those who hold on to the pure Word and are not lax in the work of the LORD! The external <page 82> Missouri synodical association can dissolve what is visible, what is passing away; but the church of the Missourians cannot fall, for it is the church of which Luther said that it was founded on the Word of God, and will be renewed by the Word of God; therefore, it will be preserved by the Word of God even in this last time of sorrow. Even the gates of hell will not overpower it. 

“For all flesh is as grass, and all the glory of man as the flower of grass. The grass withereth, and the flower thereof falleth away: but the word of the Lord endureth for ever.” [1 Peter 1:24-25]

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      Pastor Christian Hochstetter's history may be criticized by today's LC-MS teachers, yet this criticism is evidently from the same point of view as from the German Pastor Rudolph Hoffmann who defended a hierarchical (state-run) church government against a government of "Christocracy". — Hoffmann's reference to Walther's 1878 Synod Address above was also used by a much more well-known German theologian, Georg Buchwald, in a pamphlet of 1886. More on that in a future blog series.

      There are several doctrines brought out by Pastor Hoffmann that Pastor Hochstetter passed over and did not respond to: chiefly the Antichrist. We address those in the next Part 13.

RH11: Irony of Hoffmann's United Church; Repristination theology?; Chiliasm

   This continues from Part 10 (Table of Contents in Part 1) in a series presenting Pastor's Hochstetter's critique of an 1881 German pamphlet on the Old Missouri Synod. — Hochstetter lays bare the corrupted teaching within the United Church, and so encourages Christians to take their doctrine, what they are to believe, from Holy Scripture itself. When scholars give long-winded narratives with little reference to the Bible, that is a sure sign to beware, and go back to the proof texts to assure oneself of the Truth. — From Lehre und Wehre, vol. 28 (Feb. 1882), pp. 79-81 [EN]:

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How the Missouri Synod is Judged in Germany Today.

[A review of an 1881 pamphlet by Pastor Rudolph Hoffmann of Germany]

By Pastor Ch. Hochstetter, Stonebridge, Canada.

 

In view of the situation that Hoffmann himself complained about in his church [p. 19], that there are often two preachers in one and the same congregation, one of whom preaches the divinity of Christ in the morning and the other one denies the divinity of Christ in his lecture in the afternoon of the same day, Hoffmann should have refrained from the irony with which he enumerates a few things that the Missourians still consider an open question. He could have left such accusations to the Iowans, for from them one is accustomed to hear all the things he otherwise cites against Missouri. The answer has been given so often that we <page 80> mostly limit ourselves to the enumeration. 

The first accusation leveled at Missouri theology is that it is a pure repristination of Old Lutheran dogmatists. This reproach does not apply to us inasmuch as we always take reason and proof of our doctrine from God's Word itself, especially the dicta probantia [proof texts], in which the doctrine is dealt with ex professo, but the Missourians rejoice in the testimonies that are consistent with their doctrine and that delve into the doctrinal writings of the fathers. These testimonies serve to show that we teach nothing new in rebus et phrasibus. This is what we fear, for truth is but one, and the revealed Word of God is simple, not a thousandfold, which is what the Unionists want to make it; the Missourians do not want to make progress which leads to unbelief and apostasy. That is precisely why the serious accusation that the Missourians want to make new doctrine is not true. Many a unanimous testimony for the old scriptural truth, as already follows from the Seventh Commandment when the doctrine of usury comes into consideration [see p. 29], is cited by the Missourians, because we find the truth in God's Word, and this is also the normative norm according to our symbols! We always maintain that God's Word alone should make articles of faith, and no one else, not even an angel from heaven [Gal. 1:8]; this word was once held by Luther against the Pope, we must again testify to today's neo-Lutherans, who want to wait until the Church speaks: “The Church cannot set anything new, nor has it ever done so!”

Hoffmann then takes the fact that chiliasm is not tolerated in the Missouri Synod as a reproach! But if he wants to use as evidence the proceedings that were once taken against an old pastor [Schieferdecker] who had long since recognized his error and returned to our midst, this example has been unfortunate. Whoever is not satisfied with the spiritual nature of the Kingdom of God, whoever, moreover, has before his eyes a sad confusion and vain dissension among the teachers (there will hardly be twelve pastors in the state churches who harmonize with one another), will gladly take refuge emotionally in the imagination of a future millennial kingdom! Therefore, if Hoffmann, according to the complaints he himself makes about the German situation, nevertheless thinks that an essential difference between the two sides is that [p. 33] 

“what we can tolerate in the solid structure of a church system that has been ordered for a long time cannot be tolerated by the Missourian Free Church, which is set on the basis of complete arbitrariness”, 

then this is poor consolation for the United Church members if they want to belong to church in another way. 

The Missouri Synod, which has unity of faith and doctrine as its foundation, certainly cannot bear such an internal disruption and doctrinal disunity, as it is privileged among the syncretistic [Prussian] Union! The Uniteds do not have a certain, firm doctrine to which <page 81> they can adhere; where there is no unity of spirit, there is nothing to adhere to as there is according to Ephesus. 4:3; but the Missourians are allowed make this memorial their own, which, according to the Missouri Synod, means: “Hold what you have!” [Rev. 3:11]

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      It is quite sad to read of the condition of the German Union Church, that within the same congregation with two different pastors, one could preach the divinity of Christ, the other deny it. This also sadly mirrors what is going on in today's LC-MS, where the moderate or progressive party are allowed to refrain from or even teach against what the Old Missouri Synod taught and would discipline. But on top of this, they will glory in their shame. — 

      In the next Part 12, Hochstetter unravels another charge by Hoffmann, then summarizes how the Missouri Synod was glorified through its struggles against false doctrines.

RH10: Hoffmann criticizes Walther, “Thank God Missouri also errs”; Hochstetter defends; Yes & No theology

   This continues from Part 9 (Table of Contents in Part 1) in a series presenting Pastor's Hochstetter's critique of an 1881 German pamphlet on the Old Missouri Synod. — In this segment Hochstetter reveals the way that Hoffman, while he compliments ("Yes") Walther or the Missouri Synod, actually intends to criticize ("No") its core doctrines. And one such criticism gives Hochstetter the opportunity to offer one of the most memorable defenses of Walther that I have ever read. I quoted that at the beginning of my blog series presenting Hochstetter's History of the Missouri Synod. — From Lehre und Wehre, vol. 28 (Feb. 1882), pp. 78-79 [EN]:

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How the Missouri Synod is Judged in Germany Today.

[A review of an 1881 pamphlet by Pastor Rudolph Hoffmann of Germany]

By Pastor Ch. Hochstetter, Stonebridge, Canada.

 

Finally, it must be regretted here that the late Hoffmann, before he wrote this writing, did not familiarize himself with the book of Church and Ministry [EN], in addition to the sources he probably used for his historical account. Dr. Brömel on Walther's Die Stimme der Kirche in der Frage von Kirche und Amt [The Voice of the Church in the Question of Church and Ministry] also says that this book is an important and clearly decisive one through its historical testimonies. Meanwhile, Hoffmann lists Walther's sermon books and Pastoral Theology as “excellent” books, and it is surprising that he nevertheless, despite the fact that he lacks knowledge of the doctrine of the Church, draws the following description from the author of the book of Church and Ministry, which contains a protest against Grabau’s doctrines, indirectly also against all and every bondage of the Church. After Walther is called the creator and spiritual leader of the synod, “he who knows him knows her,” etc., p. 24 further states: 

“Walther is a faithful son of the German Reformation; having emerged from the Saxon Lutheran Church, he recognizes in Lutheranism the genuine continuation and resurrection of pure apostolic Original Christianity. Called from the beginning to lead his brothers in faith in America, he has maintained his outstanding position with honor and with iron diligence has acquired an astonishing wealth of thorough scholarship. He has complete command of his Augustine and <page 79> Luther, and has such an in-depth knowledge of Old Lutheran dogmatics as hardly any theologian of our time. Equipped with the gifts of a sharp dialectic, a skillful presentation and an important eloquence supported by the warmth of conviction, it was easy for him to make the spirits subservient.” — 

Regarding Hoffmann's last expression it must be noted that Walther does not make the spirits subject to himself but to the Word of God; but he knows how to teach it so emphatically and clearly that the truth must prove its irresistible power, that doubt must give way, while that which seemed difficult to some becomes easy and the uncertain finally becomes certain! —

When Hoffmann on the other hand again exclaims p. 29: 

 

“Thank God Missouri also errs and we wish but that she above all becomes more modest in her polemics and humbled by the instruction of 1 Cor. 13:12”, 

it must be noted: Paul offers a consolation there, which the Missourians are also in need of, because we feel and know well that we are not yet walking in the light of glory here, where we are to see God in his presence, that is, where we are also allowed to see through the divine mysteries (a priori). Meanwhile, we are satisfied that we may clearly recognize the way to eternal life in Christ, and whether we recognize the truth here piecemeal, i.e. one thing after another (a posteriori), the mirror of the divine Word, which is also a light, shining in a dark place, is bright enough to fulfill Luther's interpretation of 2 Cor. 3:18: “as the mirror sees an image, so our heart sees the knowledge of Christ!” 

Just at this the weakest side of unionistic mediation theology becomes obvious that it wants to unite Christ and Belial by its Yes and No, especially by its alleged struggle for progress, and thereby falls into a doubtful doctrine that does not make hearts certain and confident in faith, but more and more uncertain!  For only the truth revealed in God's Word clings firmly in the conscience and brings the heart to rest, as Augustine already confessed. Everything that is unmistakably revealed to us in God's Word we therefore respect for the true doctrine of faith, and we do not envy the United Synod for the fact that fundamental articles also become an open question for them. 

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      For all the compliments that Pastor Hoffmann offers Walther, he negates them all with his final statement that "it was easy for him to make the spirits subservient." This statement overturns Walther's scriptural, confessional basis. And Hochstetter's powerful corrective of this surely had to make Walther shed a tear of joy. — In the next Part 11…