Cy4: Cyclopedia slashes Pieper entry: 1954 to 1975: restored

      This continues from Part Cy3 in a series (Table of Contents in Part Cy1) identifying the drawbacks of today's online LC–MS "Christian Cyclopedia". — While studying Dr. Surburg's criticisms of the newest Cyclopedia, I discovered a disturbing aspect that parallel's some of Surburg's findings. Although editor Lueker claimed in his "Preface to the Revised Edition" of 1975 that "articles from the previous [1954] edition were carefully reworked", many were in fact severely abbreviated. A glaring example of this is presented below by reproducing the 1954 edition's entry for "Franz August Otto Pieper". I have highlighted in yellow shaded text the material that was omitted from the 1975 edition, and therefore also today's "Christian Cyclopedia". I have also added hyperlinks to all the source materials:

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Pieper, Franz August Otto. B. June 27, 1852, at Carwitz, Pomerania; graduated at St. Louis, 1875; pastor at Centerville, Wis., 1875—76; Manitowoc, Wis., 1876—78; prof. at Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Mo., 1878—87; D. D. (Northwestern College, Watertown, Wis.; Luther College, Decorah, Iowa); President of Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Mo., 1887—1931; President of Missouri Synod, 1899—1911; d. June 3, 1931.

Pieper’s outstanding theological contributions were in the field of dogmatics. True to his conviction that the person who himself clearly understands a doctrine can and should present it clearly, Pieper always strove to present Biblical doctrine clearly. His scholarly treatment of textual criticism, exegesis, history, etc., may be seen in the footnotes of his Christian Dogmatics, Pieper kept the practical purpose of theology in the foreground, so that the doctrines presented appeal not only to the mind but also to the heart.

Pieper gave special attention to the doctrines of grace and inspiration. “It is, to be sure, to his (Pieper’s) and Walther’s credit that the sola gratia, the lifeblood of the Lutheran Church in all ages and the core of her message, was more and more effectively worked out as a dogma (theoretisch) among Lutheran churches of our land and that clarity and purity (Sauberkeit) of theological thought was furthered.” (M. Reu.) Pieper’s many articles on inspiration attest his lifelong interest in the sola Scriptura.

As President of Synod, he practiced his conviction that “in the Church nothing is mere theory.” He was the optimistic and enthusiastic leader of Synod during a period of intensified activity along every line of church work. His knowledge was put to work for the Church with the conviction that true “Christianity … represents a life, not a system of creedal formulas or a compend of religious teaching” (Dau). His manner of preaching was clear and enlightening, and the language of his sermons simple and noble.

Pieper wrote able polemics against rationalistic tendencies in the Lutheran Church (Kahnis, von Hofmann, Luthardt). He was editor of Lehre und Wehre; wrote Christliche Dogmatik; Conversion and Election; Zur Einigung; Das Wesen des Christentums; Die Grunddifferenz in der Lehre von der Bekehrung und Gnadenwahl; A Brief Statement of the Missouri Synod’s Doctrinal Position; Ich glaube, darum rede ich; Unsere Stellung in Lehre und Praxis; Das Fundament des christlichen Glaubens; Die rechte Weltanschauung; Der offene Himmel. EL [Erwin L. Lueker]

L. Fuerbringer, “F. Pieper als Theolog,” CTM, II: 721 ff. 801 ff.; W. H. T. Dau, “Dr. Francis Pieper the Churchman,” CTM, II:729 ff.; T. Laetsch, “Dr. Pieper als Prediger,” CTM, II:761 ff.

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      All that extensive highlighted praise and information of Franz Pieper from 1954 was gone in 1975. Perhaps Prof. Lueker thought that Pieper was too "biased" and wanted to devote the freed up space to other more worthy subjects, such as "Piepkorn, Arthur Carl". The only information of significance that Seminex Professor Erwin Lueker added to the 1954 entry in the 1975 edition was that Franz was the “Brother of A. [August] O. W. Pieper and R. [Reinhold] Pieper.” It may be said that also the entries for these two brothers were likewise severely abbreviated, even the entry for Ludwig Fuerbringer. You won't find the above highlighted information on today's LC–MS flagship "Christian Cyclopedia", but it is freely available on the Internet Archive! As Prof. Surburg exclaimed: "Hold on to your 1954 version and the 1927 version." — More examples will be presented in a future Part Cy5…. But before that, I may present the full essay that Surburg wrote 10 years later on Walther's Hermeneutics.

Cy3: Surburg: supplement to Rediscovering the Issues book

      This continues from Part Cy2 (Table of Contents in Part Cy1) presenting Dr. Raymond Surburg's CTQ Book Review of the 1975 Lutheran Cyclopedia, the basis of today's LC–MS "Christian Cyclopedia".— As I read Surburg's article, I was surprised at the number of entries that he focused on. I took considerable time to fully understand his points. He was certainly an authority with deep knowledge of the theological scene 50 years ago.  — Excerpted from Concordia Theological Quarterly, April, 1977 (vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 101-102). 

Book Review

[by Raymond F. Surburg, concluded]

“Pentecostalism”

While the revised Lutheran Cyclopedia has an article on “Pentecostalism” [1954 ed.; 1927 ed. comment is best.] which describes what traditionally was the position of this movement and defined the churches espousing this erroneous kind of theology, there is no articles on “Neo-Pentecostalism,” which since 1961 has affected the main-line denominations of Christendom, including Roman Catholicism, Episcopalianism, Presbyterianism, Lutheranism, and other Protestant denominations. Neo-Pentecostalism has divided and continues to divide churches and is one of many problems plaguing Protestant and Lutheran churches.

“Historical-Critical Method”

Since the historical-critical method is the big dividing issue today in The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, it would have been extremely helpful to have had a discussion in this reference volume of the difference between the historical-grammatical method [2000 ed.] and the historico-critical [2000 ed.], but the definitions given are exceedingly brief and do not inform the reader wherein the difference between the two methods consists. 

“Biblical Commentaries” and Hengstenberg

The article on “Commentaries, Biblical” (pp. 187-188 [by F. W. Danker, “Walkout” professor]) [2000 ed.] definitely favors the critical approach to Scripture. The writings of Hengstenberg, outstanding conservative Lutheran theologian of the nineteenth century, are belittled by citing F. W. Farrar’s judgment, namely, the exegetical methodology of Hengstenberg “was retrogressive.” [p. 188] The ICC Commentary [p. 188] which contains many extremely liberal volumes is cited “as authoritative, though some volumes have been superseded by fresh investigation.” Conservative commentaries, those of [Herbert C.] Leupold and [Theodore] Laetsch, are not mentioned among commentaries not in sets. [Why no mention by Surburg of Prof. Paul E. Kretzmann's even better, more conservative than Leupold, Popular Commentary?]

With 250 individuals contributing, some of whom are now associated with Seminex and men sympathetic to the so-called moderate theology, it is not surprising that the 1975 revision does not portray the same consistency toward the Bible and its writings as was the case with its predecessors of 1927 and 1954. Hold on to your 1954 version and the 1927 version if you own them or can purchase them. [Now everyone has free direct access to refer to these earlier, and sometimes better, versions.] Living theologians and church leaders are not mentioned; only those who are dead rated inclusion in this reference work. The many cross-references make this a very useful volume. Despite the foregoing criticism and others that might be made, the revised Lutheran Cyclopedia contains much valuable information and is a volume every pastor will want to have in his library for handy access to data normally scattered through many books. Considering current book prices, the price asked for this volume is not too high.

Raymond F. Surburg

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    As I read Surburg's comments on the entry for the “Historical-Critical Method”, I thought of the full treatment in chapter 3, “The Historical-Critical Method”, in Rediscovering the Issues by Timothy H. Maschke,  former chairman of the Department of Theology at Concordia University Wisconsin. As Prof. (emeritus) Maschke stated on p. 77: 

"Although historical criticism was being laid to rest in official publications of the LCMS [?], the historical-critical method remains a dominant method in most other denominations and seminaries, to say nothing of public universities."

Another resource would be to search "Historical Critical Method" in the 1977 Board of Control book Exodus from Concordia.

      Surburg could have criticized Lueker’s claim in his “Preface to the Revised Edition” [p. vi] that “Special efforts were made to improve objectivity. …unevenness and bias in some entries of the previous edition.” It may be noticed that the charge of “biased” was also made by Drs. Adam Francisco and Scott Keith against F. Bente. One of those who “pointed out…bias in some entries of the previous edition” could have been Prof. Martin Scharlemann, who re-wrote the section on “Hermeneutics”. Scharlemann avoided the 1954 edition’s assertion of an errorless Bible. That would be made apparent when ten years later, after this CTQ article, Dr. Surburg praised C. F. W. Walther in a 19 page essay for the book Walther, the American Luther. A presentation of that full essay will be presented in another blog series. — Another glaring example of a severe abbreviation follows in the next Part Cy4.

Cy2: “Theological shifts“, 1954 to 1975

      This continues from Part Cy1 (Table of Contents in Part Cy1) presenting Dr. Raymond Surburg's Book Review of the 1975 Lutheran Cyclopedia, the basis of today's LC–MS "Christian Cyclopedia".— Prof. Surburg now presents examples of the “theological shifts” within the changing LC–MS. I have enhanced this by separating each entry for ease of study and comparison. The reader will find many helpful hyperlinks added where one may go directly to Surburg's references. This makes it easy to compare the various editions where there are comparable subjects, and even where there are none. — Excerpted from Concordia Theological Quarterly, April, 1977 (vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 100-102). The yellow highlighting is intended to aid readers in focusing on the “theological shifts“ in the Synod's teaching:

Book Review

[by Raymond F. Surburg, continued]

“Angel of the Lord”

For example, both the 1927 and 1954 cyclopedia identified “The Angel of the Lord” with the preincarnate Christ, while [Walter] Wegner in his [1975] article lists this only as one option which he does not favor and omits the book which has an excellent chapter on this matter, namely, Hengstenberg, Christology of the Old Testament [Vol. 1]. 

“Archaeology”

The article on Archaeology [, Biblical] [2000 ed.; 1954 ed.] assumes that the thirteenth century date of the Exodus is the correct one, which does not meet the requirements of the Biblical chronology and other data given in the Bible, as the fifteenth century date does.

“Canon, Bible”

The article on the Canon [, Bible] [2000 ed.], originally written by William Arndt [1954 ed.], is quite different in the revision. In it Fred Danker subscribes to the critical approach to the Bible and describes the Pentateuch as first completed around 400 B.C. (The Documentary Hypothesis [JEDP] underlies this view). He also speaks about two Old Testament canons, a limited Palestinian canon and a wider Alexandrian canon, and propounds the theory that it was the Synod of Jamnia which finally decided what books belonged in the Old Testament canon. This view is completely contrary to the facts, as well as opposed to the position of historic Protestantism and historic Lutheranism and represents a radical change from its two predecessors. 

“Covenant”

The article on “the Covenant” [p. 206-207; 2000 ed., by HEH - Herbert E. Hohenstein; not in 1954 or 1927] fails even to hint at the fact that the most important element of the Abrahamic covenant was the promise that through one of Abraham’s descendants, namely Christ (according to Paul in Gal. 3) all the nations of the earth would be blessed. The whole presentation is from the critical viewpoint. An excellent article written for the Concordia Theological Monthly by Dr. W. Roehrs is omitted from the bibliography, but it disagrees, of course, with the author’s presentation.

A number of articles in the 1954 edition were shortened and condensed ; sometimes articles were rewritten in the interest of an ecumenical [read as unionistic] approach. 

“Messiah” (inconsistency: vs. “Prophecy” and “Christ as Prophet”)

In the 1975 revision the term “Messiah” [2000 ed.] is defined as follows: 

“(Heb. mashiach, ‘anointed.’) Word used in various forms in reference to anointing with holy oil (e.g. Ex. 2:41; I Sam. 9:16; I Kings 19:16). The New Testament word is Christ (Gk. christos e.g., Mt. 16:16; Jn. 1:41” (p. 531). 

In the 1954 edition [not in 1927 edition] Messiah is defined as follows: 

“One of the most significant names of the Savior on the basis of the prophetic sayings of the Old Testament, which pictured Him as the “Anointed of the Lord,” one who should be endowed with the Holy Ghost without measure to be our Prophet, Priest, and King. The prototypes of the Messiah were the Old Testament patriarchs, prophets, priests, and kings, some of whom were designed as anointed, others being inducted into their office by means of anointing. Jesus repeatedly stated that He was the Messiah as foretold by the Prophets of old. John 4:26; 10:24, 25; Matt. 26:64. The corresponding Greek name is Christ” (p. 671). 

The revision reflects the critical bias against Messianic prophecy so characteristic of current Old Testament criticism. However, other articles, like the one on “Prophecy” (p. 640 [not in 1927]) and “Christ as Prophet” (p. 641 [not in 1927]), emphasize the Biblical and traditional position of predictive Messianic prophecy. The article on “Prophecy” correctly emphasizes the truth, that a prophet is a forth-teller as well as a fore-teller.

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      As with the above entry for "Messiah", another example of a too brief abbreviation is the 1975 article on E. W. Hengstenberg, a major German theologian, which was stripped of most of the content that the 1954 edition had carried over from the 1927 edition. (Unfortunately Surburg omits the weaknesses, of his fellowship practice with the "Union" church, and of his Romanizing tendency.) — And of course Prof. Cameron MacKenzie pointed out the "leading theologians" and their teaching in the 1927 edition's entry for "Unionism", Rediscovering p. 151-152. — The balance of the enhanced re-publication of Dr. Surburg's article follows in Part Cy3…